This weekend I went down to New York to see a friend of mine who was in town for a conference, and took the opportunity to visit some Cambridge friends who had moved to Brooklyn last month. I like walking in New York–I find it oddly relaxing, in the same way stimulants can sometimes help people with hyperactivity to calm down. Go figure. So on Saturday, the day I planned to visit my Brooklyn friends, I wandered down from my Midtown hotel to Greenwich Village, and then Soho, and then decided, the heck with it, instead of trying to figure out the subway I’ll just walk across the Brooklyn Bridge and grab a cab on the other side. It’s fun to walk across the Brooklyn Bridge on a nice day.
I asked a traffic cop which way Park Slope was, so that I could get a cab that was going in the right direction, and started off. Great plan, except for one detail: there are no cabs in Brooklyn that are not already in service. So I walked, and kept walking.
And walked all the way from Midtown Manhattan to Park Slope, Brooklyn.
Now, there was a moment at which I decided to commit to walking the entire way, because I knew I was going in the right direction and would get there eventually, and once you’ve been walking for three hours, what’s another hour or two? And it would be worth it to see my friends’ reaction. But there was a good long stretch of Flatbush Avenue in which I was really, really hoping to find a cab.
And here’s what didn’t occur to me until Sunday morning: I could have gone into any store or restaurant, asked someone for the number of a cab company, and called one.
How could I not have realized this?
I interrogated myself about this some (because while Saturday afternoon I’d hit the zone and could have kept walking indefinitely, on Sunday morning my butt and thighs were making their opinion of my non-cab-taking ways felt). And here’s what I think was going on. I think in some deep, unconscious way, I was thinking of taxicabs as though they were a sort of animal with two subspecies: domestic and wild. Domestic cabs are the ones that come to your house, the cabs you call, as you would call a dog. Wild cabs are the cabs you encounter on the street, that cannot be called, but can only be caught. Once you have entered the street, the native habitat of the wild taxicab, you can’t call one, any more than you can go on a safari and call the rhinos (or dangeroos) to come in closer for photographs. You have to catch them. (Thanks to my two anonymous FB friends for those links, which aren’t all that relevant but are hilarious.)
So: domestic = house = calling v. wild = outside = catching.
This leads me to three things:
1. Metaphors are fundamental to the way we think. Yes, I know this was a particularly weird metaphor, but there is a whole field of linguistics and cognitive science that is based around metaphor and thought. I don’t mean highly conscious, literary metaphors and similes that are deliberately created for a combination of novelty and recognizability, but basic ones, so basic that they don’t even seem like metaphors at first, but simply like descriptions of how things are. Look at the way we characterize the development of careers, relationships, and so forth as physical journeys forward or upward: “This relationship isn’t going anywhere.” “My Harvard MBA has put me ahead in my career.” “My workout routine has plateaued.” “Now that I’ve got tenure I don’t know where to go next.”
George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, in Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought, list a number of what they call “primary metaphors,” including:
Affection is Warmth
Important is Big
Happy is Up
Knowing is Seeing
These are based on our immediate physical experiences (that of being held closely; realizing one’s relative impotence in the face of bigger people; naturally becoming more posturally erect or even jumping when happy; and taking in information visually). Other metaphors we learn through culture. If I didn’t live in a culture that had both domesticated and wild animals, I wouldn’t have unconsciously come up with the metaphor that I did for taxis.
In American society, for example, a dominant metaphor is that “time is money.” On the surface, this only seems to mean that the more you work, the more you will succeed. But if you dig deeper, it goes beyond that: time is a resource. Time can be used well, or wasted. Time can be spent or saved. Time is something we can invest (“I need to put more time into that project”). Time is something there is a finite amount of. Although some people have more or less time than others, time itself is the same for everyone, just as $10 in Bill Gates’s pocket is the same as $10 in mine. Not all cultures have these beliefs about time.
Metaphors can enrich our thinking, but as you can see through my error with the taxis, they can also constrain it.
2. What does it mean to know something, and what does that imply for the testing and evaluation of knowledge? I have no doubt that had the possibility of calling a cab from a restaurant appeared on a multiple-choice or true-or-false test,* I would have answered correctly. In fact, just the night before, my friend had mentioned calling cabs from restaurants in the context of drinking-and-driving laws, and I certainly didn’t say, “What is this strange custom of which you speak?”
I “knew” you could do this, but I obviously didn’t know you could do this. So what does that say about the validity of multiple-choice and true-or-false tests that are based on the ability to recognize information, but not to recall or to apply it? Nothing good, I fear.
3. Dude, I walked from Midtown to Park freakin’ Slope! According to Google Maps, I walked about seven miles, but I couldn’t make it take the path I’d actually used, which involved a lot of wandering up and down and around in Manhattan before hitting the bridge. My normal pace is a little over three miles an hour, and I walked for a little over four hours, so you do the math. A 12-mile walk may be a lot for you or a little, but it’s a lot for me. Endurance has never been my strong suit and even a couple of years ago, I would not have been able to complete a walk like that going non-stop. So I was rather proud of myself.
Which got me thinking, don’t most of us have stories of things we are simultaneously embarrassed about yet proud of? I’m not hugely embarrassed about my unconscious belief that taxicabs are animals, but I do pride myself on being a good problem-solver, and I failed rather spectacularly to be that.
My current theory is that the basic structure of the shame-with-pride story (and I’d love to hear some of yours!) is that you are embarrassed about/ashamed of the stupidity or ignorance that got you into a given situation, and then proud of the stamina/competence that allowed you to either endure, change, or get out of the situation.
Embarrassed to go into the situation, proud to get out of it.
See? That there’s one of them “life is a journey” metaphors.
*Maybe. From the time I was a little girl until now, I have done badly on true-or-false tests. Even as a child, there were very few statements that seemed unequivocally true or false to me; I needed to know the context in which they were meant to be applied in order to judge, not that I would have put it that way in third grade. So then I’d get all weird and start thinking it was a trick question and put the wrong answer down.